Programming languages

There is an awesome article that goes over how one program can be written in different languages from the most abstract level of Math to Haskell to C to Assembly to actual machine code.

Crafting Interpreters is an amazing book. Exercism is a nice tool for language practice.

Notes

• I have a very concrete approach for creating categorical models/semantics for PLs. I express the syntax as a GADT, wrap it with a free(r) monad, then work with the resulting kleisli category.

Links

• Awesome programming languages
• Tour de Babel - Funny de tour of programming languages.
• Programming Language Theory
• Conal Elliott - Teaching New Tricks to Old Programs (2017)
• Awesome static analysis - Static analysis tools for all programming languages, build tools, config files and more.
• Lists of most popular repositories for most favored programming languages
• Rockstar - Idiomatic Rockstar FizzBuzz implementation is the best thing ever.
• Twelf - Language used to specify, implement, and prove properties of deductive systems such as programming languages and logics.
• GitHut - Place to discover languages on GitHub.
• Type inference (2018)
• Little Languages - (Lobsters)
• Course page Types and Semantics for Programming Languages (2018)
• Smallest possible syntactically valid files of different types
• History of Programming Languages course (GitHub repo)
• The Programming Language I’m Looking For (2018)
• Go, Tooling, and New Languages (2016)
• Programming paradigms for dummies: what every programmer should know (2019)
• What, if anything, is a programming paradigm? (2017)
• Programming Languages Zoo - Collection of implementations of miniature programming languages. (Web)
• Thinking in a Language (2019)
• What are some niche features you'd like to see in more languages? (2019)
• Ask HN: What programming language should I learn next? (2019)
• Next-Paradigm Programming Languages: What Will They Look Like and What Changes Will They Bring? (HN)
• Semantic - Haskell library and command line tool for parsing, analyzing, and comparing source code.
• DSLs for non-programmers are a hoax (2019) (HN)
• Comparing the Same Project in Rust, Haskell, C++, Python, Scala and OCaml (2019) (HN)
• Hello, World! - Hello world in every computer language.
• Exercism Language Tracks
• TabNine - All-language ML autocompleter.
• Say something you dislike about a language you love (2019)
• Say something nice about a programming language you dislike (2019)
• comby - Tool for changing code across many languages.
• On the Expressive Power of Programming Languages by Shriram Krishnamurthi [PWLConf 2019] (Web) (HN)
• The Rise of 'Worse is Better' by Richard Gabriel
• "All the Languages Together" by Amal Ahmed (2018)
• Co - Programming language and optimizing compiler written in TypeScript. (Doc)
• User Interfaces for Programming Languages course (2019)
• User Interfaces for Programming Languages: The Compendium
• Advanced Programming Languages Cornell Course (2018)
• A Programmable Programming Language (2018) (HN)
• Panel: the Future of Languages (2019)
• Programming Language Tourism: Leave Python and see the world (2019)
• A programming language by Kenneth E. Iverson book (1962)
• Factor - Practical stack language. (HN)
• Factor: a dynamic stack-based programming language paper
• Quine - Self-referential program that can, without any external access, output its own source.
• Comby - Structural code search and replace for every language. (Web) (Lobsters) (HN)
• Lobsters: What would a programming language designed from the ground-up for a multi-core world look like? (2020)
• Practical Foundations for Programming Languages
• What language do you prefer for new project starts? (2020)
• Flow-Charts of Programming Language Constructs (2020) (HN)
• Bestiary of Single-File Implementations of Programming Languages
• NEAL - Language-independent code analysis tool that aims to enable more people to write quality enforcement rules.
• Most(ly dead) Influential Programming Languages (2020) (HN)
• Sam Tobin-Hochstadt's research
• Mu - Minimal-dependency hobbyist computing stack (everything above the processor and OS kernel). (Mu's neighborhood) (Lobsters)
• Mu: A minimal hobbyist computing stack (2019)
• Bitsy - Best language to implement when writing your first compiler or interpreter.
• codespan-reporting - Beautiful diagnostic reporting for text-based programming languages.
• What language to learn during quarantine? (2020)
• Language designers, use ident: Type, not Type ident (2017) (Lobsters)
• Row Polymorphism without the Jargon (2020) (Lobsters)
• Zero-cost Effect Handlers by Staging (Technical Report) (2019)
• A generic imperative language for polynomial time (2020)
• Designing flexible, modular linguistic abstractions (2019)
• An abstract domain for objects in dynamic programming languages (2019)
• A Simple Differentiable Programming Language (2020)
• The Hard Part of Learning a Language (2020) (Lobsters) (HN)
• Hoist - Visual programming language inspired by Excel & Datalog.
• Esoteric.Codes - Languages, platforms, and systems that break from the norms of computing.
• Resources for the working programmer to learn more about the fundamentals and theory of programming languages
• Call-By-Push-Value - New programming language paradigm, based on the slogan “a value is, a computation does".
• Semgrep - Tool for easily detecting and preventing bugs and anti-patterns in your codebase. (Web) (HN)
• Algol 60 implementation (1964)
• Code Search - Tool for indexing and then performing regular expression searches over large bodies of source code. (Lobsters)
• Zoekt - Fast text search engine, intended for use with source code.
• 10 more programming languages worth checking out (2018)
• A Beginner's Guide to Amiga E (Lobsters)
• Create your own programming language with Rust (Code)
• History of Programming Languages, Vol 4 (2020) (Lobsters)
• PLaST research group - Focuses on applied programming languages and software engineering.
• Piranha: An Open Source Tool to Automatically Delete Stale Code (2020) (HN)
• Performance improvements in precise code intel (2020)
• An Introduction to Efficient and Safe Implementations of Dynamic Languages (2020)
• What's your favorite programming language and what feature makes it your favorite? (2020)
• All about Modelica: An equation-based language for modeling physical systems (2020) (HN)
• Writing a VM for a Small Stack-Base Language in Pointless (Lobsters)
• Principles of Programming Languages – Graham Hutton
• Principles of Programming Languages (POPL) 2021 Videos
• Dijkstra: On the foolishness of "natural language programming" (Tweet)
• Semantics with Applications: A Formal Introduction
• The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: An Introduction (1993)
• Semantics of Programming Languages in Agda
• The Fatal Flaw of Ownership Semantics (2020)
• The Pyret Code; or A Rationale for the Pyret Programming Language (Lobsters)
• Statically Sized Higher-kinded Polymorphism (2020) (Lobsters)
• The language strangeness budget (2015)
• Family spaghetti of programming languages (2019)
• Continuations by example: Exceptions, time-traveling search, threads, and more (2020) (HN)
• People of Programming Languages
• People of Language Design and Implementation
• Hindley-Milner Type Inference (2012) (HN)
• Deep learning to translate between programming languages (2020) (HN)
• Ask HN: What are you using new programming languages for? (2020)
• Build your own programming language (2020)
• A Foundation for Typed Concatenative Languages (2017) - Presents a sound and complete type inference algorithm.
• What Is The Minimal Set Of Optimizations Needed For Zero-Cost Abstraction? (2020)
• Kicking Off the Repl.it Programming Language Jam (2020) (HN)
• Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs with Hal Abelson (2019)
• Collection of papers on modules
• Analysis Tools - Most Popular Analysis Tools by Programming Language. (Code)
• What's the Deal with Message Passing, Anyway (2020) (Lobsters)
• Things that are not strings (2020) (Lobsters)
• ICFP 2020
• Essentials of Programming Languages (Code) (HN) (Code in Racket) (Solutions in Scheme)
• UW PLSE - University of Washington Programming Languages and Software Engineering. (GitHub)
• Your Language Sucks, It Doesn’t Matter (2020) (Lobsters)
• Energy Efficiency across Programming Languages (2017) (HN)
• Deep learning to translate between programming languages (2020)
• Increasing the Impact of PL Research (2020)
• Programming Languages course by Dan Grossman (Answers)
• Polygott - Base Docker image for the Repl.it evaluation server.
• Chris Lattner: The Future of Computing and Programming Languages (2020) (Web) (HN)
• History of Programming Language Topics (Code)
• Language Design with Leo White (2020) (Lobsters) (HN)
• Make a Language Using Rust (HN)
• Turing Incomplete Languages (2020)
• Semantics-Guided Synthesis (2020)
• We need less powerful languages (2015) (HN)
• Learn languages that are not Java, Python and C++ (2020)
• PLIERS: A Process that Integrates User-Centered Methods into Programming Language Design (2020)
• Liquid information flow control
• teaberry - Learning project to implement a typed functional programming language/dialect of ML, which aims to be accessible and usable like Python is.
• Langkit - Tool whose purpose is to make it easy to create syntactic and semantic analysis engines. Language creation framework.
• remark-prism - Syntax highlighter for markdown code blocks using Prism.
• JIT compiler and runtime for a toy language, using Cranelift
• PhD Thesis: Greybox Automatic Exploit Generation for Heap Overflows (2020)
• Programming languages genealogical tree
• Q&A with Programming Language Beta Users (2020)
• Write You a Programming Language (Code)
• PLT research - Collection of PLT researching.
• History of programming languages concepts
• Programming Languages Study
• ALGT - Abstract Language Generation Tool.
• Stack Based Virtual Machines (2015) (Lobsters) (HN)
• How to design a new programming language from scratch (2020) (Lobsters)
• Automatic Language Bindings (2020) (Lobsters)
• Language resources - Links on how to learn how to create programming languages.
• Reflections on the Lack of Adoption of Domain Specific Languages (HN)
• Lobsters: What "glue" lanugages do you use/like? (2021)
• Build your own programming language in C++ (HN)
• Interactive Tutorials for programming languages
• Pygments - Generic syntax highlighter written in Python. (Code)
• Models of Programming Languages
• Designing an actor-based programming language (2020)
• CodeIntellify - Adds code intelligence to code views on the web.
• go-enry - Faster file programming language detector.
• Scriptometer - Measuring the ease of SOP (Script-Oriented Programming) of programming languages.
• FeOFu - Compiler Seminar - Ideas that would lead to better compilers for existing languages, better future programming languages, better APIs and better performance software solutions in the future.
• Theory and Practice of Programming Languages (Racket implementation)
• Quine Relay - Ruby program that generates Rust program that generates Scala program that generates.
• Language Graph - Shows a graph where the nodes are programming languages and the edges are compilers. (Code)
• GumTree - Complete framework to deal with source code as trees and compute differences between them.
• Linguist - Library is used on GitHub.com to create languages used breakdowns.
• Joern - Open-Source Code Querying Engine. (Code)
• ATS or Why Linear Types are the Future of Systems Programming (2021)
• Enclosure: Language-Based Restriction of Untrusted Libraries
• Programming Languages Group @ Penn
• SICP Book Notes
• Language Explorer - Explore 650+ programming languages, visualized based on paradigm influence relationships between languages.
• Brown University PLT (GitHub)
• DSL might be the answer (2021)
• PL Funding Panel with the Creators of Elm, Elixir, and Julia (2021)
• #PLTalk - YouTube
• Programming Languages for Enthusiasts
• Mathematically Structured Programming Group @ University of Strathclyde
• Women in Programming Languages and Software Engineering Research
• I don't want to learn your query language (2018) (HN)
• Lobsters: What's your experience been writing language tools? (2021)
• Performance comparison: counting words in Python, Go, C++, C, AWK, Forth, and Rust (2021) (HN) (Lobsters)
• What Programming Language Would Yoko Ono Create? (2021)
• 20 Intriguing, Unusual, and Goofy Programming Languages (2019)
• FSL.tools - Programming language to make complex Finite State Machines easy to create and maintain.
• Language evangelists, why should I use [language]? (2021)
• A history of ALGOL 68
• The BNF Dream (2021)
• Ask HN: How to study programming language theory as a non CS student? (2021)
• Wuffs the Language (Lobsters) (HN)
• Introducing Dawn (Part 1) (2021) (Lobsters)
• Dawn languagea
• Why concatenative programming matters (2012)
• PLTalk links
• Crash Course on Notation in Programming Language Theory (2012)
• Reflection for the Masses (Code)
• The end of history for programming (2021)
• Langs In Rust - List of programming languages implemented in Rust, for inspiration.
• Demystifying interpreters (2020)
• PLDI 2021
• treefmt - One CLI to format the code tree.
• Implementing Co, a Small Interpreted Language With Coroutines #1: The Parser (2021)
• Playground for PL ideas
• A Gentle Introduction to Ted Nelson's ZigZag Structure (2002) (HN)
• Recent Advances in Programming Language Pre-Trained Models (PL-PTMs)
• Sereal - Fast, compact, schema-less, binary serialization and deserialization oriented towards dynamic languages.
• Compilation as Multi-Language Semantics
• Domain-Specific Languages Syllabus (2016)
• Schrödinger's Code: Undefined behavior in theory and practice (2021)
• Riju - Fast online playground for every programming language. (Code)
• plyg - Playground to safely try out different programming languages in a single file.
• Principles of Programming Languages Course Notes
• Ask HN: Projects for learning a language? (2021)
• Langium - Language engineering tool with built-in support for the Language Server Protocol.
• Programming Language Memory Models (HN)
• The next 700 programming languages (1966) (Lobsters)
• Creating the Golfcart Programming Language (2021)
• Sham: A DSL for Fast DSLs (2021)
• Beautiful ideas in programming: generators and continuations (2021) (HN)
• Lizard - Code complexity analyser without caring about the C/C++ header files or Java imports, supports most of the popular languages.
• Abstracting Definitional Interpreters: Functional Pearl (Code)
• Lang Jam - Create a programming language in a weekend. (HN)
• flex - Tool for generating scanners: programs which recognize lexical patterns in text.
• Programming languages where you define control flow in terms of state machines
• Implicit ordering in relational languages (2021)
• Imba - Friendly full-stack programming language for the web that compiles to performant JavaScript. (Code) (HN)
• Shisho - Lightweight static analyzer for several programming languages.
• Hell Is Other REPLs (2021) (HN)
• Weird Languages (2021) (HN)
• Glean - System for collecting, deriving and working with facts about source code. (Web) (HN)
• Guesslang - Detects the programming language of a given source code. (Docs)
• Dispatch Techniques (Lobsters)
• A defense of boring languages (2015) (Lobsters)
• How to Rapidly Improve at Any Programming Language (2016) (HN)
• First-class Names for Effect Handlers (2021)
• Is it better to teach beginner coders a low level or a high level language as their first language? (2021)
• Cuddly, Octo-Palm Tree: Cheap interpreter, part 1: overview (2021)
• Code2flow - Generates call graphs for dynamic programming language.
• The seven programming ur-languages (2021) (Lobsters)
• Programming languages resources
• Implicit Overflow Considered Harmful (and how to fix it) (2021) (Lobsters)
• Project Verona - Research programming language for concurrent ownership. (Web) (Lobsters)
• Beyond ProgrammingLanguages (1979) (Lobsters)
• tree-sitter-graph - Construct graphs from parsed source code.
• Correct by Construction Language Implementations (2021) (Tweet)
• How do you write code in statically-typed functional programming languages (2021)
• LangSandbox - Project to illustrate how to build a programming language.
• Toward a Theory of Programming Language and Reasoning Assistant Design: Minimizing Cognitive Load (2021)
• Comparison of enumerations and similar features in different languages
• Static Analysis: An Introduction (2021)
• Static Analysis at GitHub (2021)
• Static Analysis at GitHub (2022)
• Most accessible programming language (2021)
• Ask HN: If you designed a new programming language, what would its features be? (2021)
• glot.io - Open source pastebin with runnable snippets and API. (Code)
• 1001 Representations of Syntax with Binding (2021) (Reddit)
• Chigraph - Visual systems language for beginners compiled using LLVM. (Code)
• Which programming language is fastest? - Website that shows toy-program performance measurements for ~24 language implementations. (Code)
• What's your favorite GC-based language? (2021)
• Selecting a programming language can be a form of premature optimization (2021)
• Shawn Wang - Growing a Meta-Language (2021)
• Kindly Bent to Free Us (2019)
• Microsoft Power Fx - Low-code general purpose programming language based on spreadsheet-like formulas. (Article) (HN)
• Undefined Behavior deserves a better reputation (2021) (Lobsters)
• Runno - Helps you make runnable code examples that can be embedded in web pages. (Code)
• Pattern matching in concatenative programming languages (2009)
• Static Value-Flow Analysis Framework for Source Code
• Dynamic Languages Strike Back (2008)
• Are there any ML style languages with no runtime? (2021)
• Tao - Statically-typed functional programming language.
• Do we really need Undefined Behavior? (2021) (HN)
• Shepherd - Utility for applying code changes across many repositories.
• "Incremental, zero-config Code Nav using stack graphs" by Douglas Creager (2021) (Web)
• How I wrote my own "proper" programming language (2020)
• Awesome Program Analysis
• Code Generation for Higher Inductive Types (2018)
• Ask HN: How would a programming language look if designed by non-programmer (2021)
• Nice esoteric compilers (2021)
• A Brief Introduction to Esoteric Languages (2021) (Video)
• Awesome Alt Languages
• Go Static or Go Home (2015) - In the end, dynamic systems are simply less secure.
• Features of a dream programming language (2021) (HN)
• Ask HN: What is your favorite programming language and why? (2021)
• Programing Language Documentations
• Profile Guided Optimization without Profiles: A Machine Learning Approach (2021)
• Automated Code Optimization with E-Graphs (2021) (HN)
• Tencent Cloud Code Analysis (TCA) - Code comprehensive analysis platform, which includes three components: server, web and client.
• What you can learn by merely writing a programming language changelog (2022)
• SQRL - Safe, Stateful Rules Language for Event Streams.
• Rethinking errors, warnings, and lints (2022)
• C++ Concepts vs Rust Traits vs Haskell Typeclasses vs Swift Protocols - Conor Hoekstra - ACCU 2021 (Slides)
• Following the programming language evolution, and taking it personally (2022) (Lobsters)
• Destroy All Values: Designing Deinitialization in Programming Languages (2022)
• Why Static Languages Suffer From Complexity (2022) (Lobsters)
• In defense of complicated programming languages (2022) (HN)
• Bagel - Programming language designed for JavaScript programmers to write reactive UIs, using a paradigm where stateful procedures and pure functions are mutually exclusive categories. (Article) (Update) (Bagel Bites: Type Refinement)
• The complete guide to (external) Domain Specific Languages
• SAPP - Post Processor for Facebook Static Analysis Tools.
• Concise language to write an interpreter for? (2022)
• Awesome programming languages
• Have you found side-effects a problem by increasing complexity in your code bases? (2022)
• Graphene - Create and share beautiful code snippets. (Code)
• crie - Using a mix of other tools and libraries to create a dead simple meta-linter and formatter.
• CodeshiftCommunity - Community-owned global registry and documentation hub for codemods. (Code)
• Programming Language and compiler Benchmarks (Code)
• Benchmarks of different languages
• Kcov - Code coverage tester for compiled languages, Python and Bash.
• CS 152: Programming Languages Course (2022) (Code)
• Returning Values and Errors (2022) (HN) (Lobsters)
• flamegraph.com - Upload and Share Interactive Flamegraphs.
• So you want to design a programming language (2017) (HN)
• Esolang Park - Online visual debugger for esoteric languages. (Code) (HN)
• Practical Normalization by Evaluation for EDSLs
• Advanced Programming Languages
• complexity - Calculate an approximation of code complexity per file in a language-agnostic way.
• Hare - Systems programming language designed to be simple, stable, and robust. (Code)
• Why am I building a programming language in private? (2022) (HN)
• Eclectica - Unifies management of any language under one cohesive and minimalistic interface.
• ABI-Checker - Automate testing that two languages/compilers agree on ABIs for the purposes of.
• Gistit - Quick and easy code snippet sharing tool. (Web)
• Languages with native support for tables
• List of new budding programming languages and their interesting features (2022)
• Generics syntax in different languages (2022)
• Ask HN: Are you using actors in production? Why/Why not? (2022)
• A Typed Programming Language: The Semantics of Rank Polymorphism (2020) (Paper)
• OneLinerHub - Open source code library. (Code)
• Uniform Structured Syntax, Metaprogramming and Run-time Compilation
• Most interesting languages to learn (from)? (2022)
• Surprising Weak-Ref Implementations: Swift, Obj-C, C++, Rust, and Vale (2022)
• Programming Languages Design: Ultimate Bundle
• It-Depends - Tool to automatically build a dependency graph and Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) for packages and arbitrary source code repositories.
• treequery - Run Tree-sitter queries on source code.
• Awesome Codemods - Curated list of tools that can fix your code for you.
• Spoofax - Open-source language designer's workbench with everything you need for designing your next textual (domain-specific) programming language. (Code)
• Codestat.dev - Stats from 2M open-source repositories. (HN) (Code)
• Copybara - Tool for transforming and moving code between repositories. Used at Google.
• Ott - Tool for writing definitions of programming languages and calculi.
• PL Papers You Might Love Newsletter
• ogma - Scripting language focused on processing tabular data.
• massCode - Free and open source code snippets manager for developers.
• CodeImage - Create elegant screenshots of your source code. (Code)
• Course on Metaprogramming
• Germanium - Generate image from source code.
• 10 papers that all PhD students in programming languages ought to know
• LanguageTool - Style and Grammar Checker for 25+ Languages.
• Compile time evaluation in Nim, Zig, Rust and C++ (2022) (Reddit) (HN)
• Prybar - Universal interpreter front-end. Same interface, same REPL, different languages.
• Copy-and-Patch Compilation: A fast compilation algorithm for high-level languages and bytecode (2020)
• Reple - "Replay-based" REPLs for compiled languages.
• Sphinx - Dynamically typed programming language that is inspired by Lua and Python, and implemented entirely in Rust. (HN)
• What's a good general-purpose programming language? (2022) (Reddit)
• Inform 7 - Programming language for creating interactive fiction, using natural language syntax. (HN) (OSS release post)
• Scopes - Retargetable programming language & infrastructure.
• Scope Sets as a Piñata for Name Resolution (2021)
• Principled Ad-Hoc Polymorphism (2018)
• Langbot - Run code from many programming languages.
• Effekt - Research language with effect handlers and lightweight effect polymorphism. (Web)
• Worst Design Decisions You've Ever Seen in Programming Languages (2022)
• Exercism - Develop fluency in over 55 programming languages with our unique blend of learning, practice and mentoring. (Twitter) (GitHub)
• Starry Night - Syntax highlighting, like GitHub.
• Wrong by Default (2022)
• Code to Image Converter (Code)
• MLscript - Principal Type Inference for Object-Oriented Programming in a Boolean Algebra of Types.
• Can you have too many programming language features? (2022)